Mai kona hoʻomaka mua ʻana i ka wā a ma hope o ke Kaua Honua II, ua ulu wikiwiki ka ʻoihana kalepa no nā polymers-long-chain synthetic mole a "plastic" kahi inoa kuhi hewa.I ka makahiki 2015, ua hana ʻia ma luna o 320 miliona mau polimer, me ka ʻole o nā fibers a puni ka honua.
[Chart: The Conversation] A hiki i nā makahiki ʻelima i hala iho nei, ʻaʻole i noʻonoʻo nā mea hoʻolālā huahana polymer i ka mea e hiki mai ana ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ke ola mua o kā lākou huahana.Ke hoʻomaka nei kēia e loli, a pono kēia pilikia e hoʻonui i ka nānā ʻana i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana.
KA HANA PILA
Ua lilo ʻo "Plastic" i ala kuhi hewa e wehewehe i nā polymers.Loaʻa maʻamau mai ka ʻaila a i ʻole ke kinoea maoli, he mau molekole kaulahao lōʻihi kēia me nā haneli a hiki i nā tausani o nā loulou i kēlā me kēia kaulahao.Hōʻike nā kaulahao lōʻihi i nā waiwai kino koʻikoʻi, e like me ka ikaika a me ka paʻakikī, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā molekala pōkole.
ʻO ka "Plastic" he ʻano pōkole ia o "thermoplastic," he huaʻōlelo e wehewehe ana i nā mea polymeric i hiki ke hana ʻia a hana hou ʻia me ka wela.
Ua hana maikaʻi ʻia ka ʻoihana polymer hou e Wallace Carothers ma DuPont i nā makahiki 1930.ʻO kāna hana paʻakikī ma nā polyamides ua alakaʻi i ke kālepa ʻana o ka nylon, ma ke ʻano he wā kaua o ka nui o ka siliki i koi ʻia nā wahine e ʻimi i nā wahi ʻē aʻe no nā stockings.
I ka liʻiliʻi ʻana o nā mea ʻē aʻe i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua II, ua nānā nā mea noiʻi i nā polymers synthetic e hoʻopiha i nā āpau.No ka laʻana, ua ʻoki ʻia ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka lāʻau kūlohelohe no nā kaʻa kaʻa e ka hoʻopio ʻana o Iapana ma Asia Hikina Hema, e alakaʻi ana i kahi polymer synthetic like.
Ua alakaʻi ʻia ka holomua ʻana o nā polymers synthetic, me ka polypropylene i hoʻohana nui ʻia i kēia manawa a me ka polyethylene kiʻekiʻe.ʻO kekahi mau polymers, e like me Teflon, i hāʻule ʻole ʻia.
ʻO ka hopena, ʻo ka hui pū ʻana o ka pono, ka holomua ʻepekema, a me ka serendipity i alakaʻi i ka hui piha o nā polymers i hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike maʻalahi i kēia manawa he "plastic."Ua kūʻai wikiwiki ʻia kēia mau polymers, mahalo i ka makemake e hōʻemi i ke kaumaha o nā huahana a hāʻawi i nā mea ʻokoʻa maʻalahi i nā mea kūlohelohe e like me ka cellulose a i ʻole ka pulupulu.
NA ANO PLASTIK
ʻO ka hana ʻana o nā polymers synthetic ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa e ka polyolefins-polyethylene a me ka polypropylene.
Hele mai ka polyethylene i ʻelua ʻano: "kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe" a me "haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa."Ma ka pālākiō mole, ʻike ʻia ka polyethylene kiʻekiʻe me kahi lei me nā niho pōkole maʻamau.ʻO ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, ua like ia me kahi lehu me nā niho ʻokoʻa ʻole o ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi–e like me ka muliwai a me kona mau kahawai inā ʻike ʻia mai luna mai.ʻOiai he polyethylene lāua, ʻokoʻa ke ʻano o ke ʻano o kēia mau mea ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i kiʻiʻoniʻoni a i ʻole nā huahana ʻē aʻe.
[Paku: Ka Kamailio]
ʻO nā polyolefins ka mea nui no kekahi mau kumu.ʻO ka mua, hiki ke hana ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kinoea kūlohelohe maʻalahi.ʻO ka lua, ʻo ia nā polymers synthetic māmā loa i hana ʻia ma ka nui;haʻahaʻa loa ko lākou mānoanoa a lana lākou.ʻO ke kolu, pale aku nā polyolefins i ka pōʻino e ka wai, ka ea, ka momona, nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe hoʻomaʻemaʻe - nā mea āpau e hiki ke hālāwai i kēia mau polymers ke hoʻohana ʻia.ʻO ka hope, ua maʻalahi lākou e hana i nā huahana, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka paʻa o ka ʻeke i hana ʻia mai ia mau mea ʻaʻole e hoʻololi i loko o kahi kaʻa lawe lawe e noho ana i ka lā a pau.
Eia nō naʻe, loaʻa i kēia mau mea nā hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi.Hoʻohaʻahaʻa mālie lākou, ʻo ia hoʻi, e ola nā polyolefins i ke kaiapuni no nā makahiki he mau kenekulia.I kēia manawa, hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka nalu a me ka makani iā lākou, e hana ana i nā microparticles hiki ke ʻai ʻia e nā iʻa a me nā holoholona, e piʻi ana i ke kaulahao meaʻai iā mākou.
ʻAʻole maʻalahi ka hana hou ʻana i nā polyolefins e like me ka makemake o kekahi ma muli o nā pilikia o ka hōʻiliʻili a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe.Hoʻopilikia ka oxygen a me ka wela i ke kaulahao i ka wā o ka hana hou ʻana, ʻoiai ka meaʻai a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e hoʻohaumia i ka polyolefin.ʻO ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka hana kemika ua hana i nā māka hou o nā polyolefins me ka ikaika a me ka lōʻihi, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke hui pū me nā māka ʻē aʻe i ka wā o ka hana hou ʻana.ʻO ka mea hou aku, ua hui pinepine ʻia nā polyolefins me nā mea ʻē aʻe i loko o ka pahu multilayer.ʻOiai ke hana maikaʻi nei kēia mau hana multilayer, hiki ʻole ke hana hou.
Hoʻohewa ʻia nā polymers i kekahi manawa no ka hana ʻia ʻana mai ka ʻaila a me ke kinoea maoli.Eia naʻe, haʻahaʻa loa ka hakina o ke kinoea maoli a i ʻole ka ʻaila i hoʻohana ʻia e hana i nā polymers;ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o 5% o ka aila a i ʻole ke kinoea maoli i hana ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki e hoʻohana ʻia e hana i nā plastics.Eia hou, hiki ke hana ʻia ka ethylene mai ke kō ethanol, e like me ka hana kālepa e Braskem ma Brazil.
KA HOʻohana ʻana i ka plastik
Ma muli o ka ʻāina, hoʻopau ʻia ka pahu i ka 35% a i ka 45% o ka polymer synthetic i hana ʻia ma ka huina, kahi e noho aliʻi ai nā polyolefins.ʻO ka polyethylene terephthalate, he polyester, e hoʻomalu i ka mākeke no nā hue inu a me nā fiber textile.
Hoʻopau ke kūkulu ʻana a me ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi 20% o ka nui o nā polymers i hana ʻia, kahi e noho aliʻi ai ka paipu PVC a me kona mau hoahānau.He māmā nā paipu PVC, hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ma mua o ke kūʻai ʻia ʻana a i ʻole welded, a pale nui i nā hopena ʻino o ka chlorine i ka wai.ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻo nā ʻātoma chlorine e hāʻawi iā PVC i kēia pono he mea paʻakikī loa ia e hana hou - ʻo ka hapa nui e hoʻolei ʻia i ka hopena o ke ola.
ʻO nā polyurethanes, kahi ʻohana holoʻokoʻa o nā polymers e pili ana, hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka insulation foam no nā hale a me nā mea hana, a me nā uhi hoʻolālā.
Hoʻohana ka ʻoihana kaʻa i ka nui o nā thermoplastics, ka mea nui e hōʻemi i ke kaumaha a no laila e hoʻokō i nā kūlana ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka wahie.Manaʻo ka European Union he 16% o ke kaumaha o ke kaʻa kaʻa he mau mea palaki, ʻoi loa no nā ʻāpana o loko a me nā ʻāpana.
Ma luna o 70 miliona tons o thermoplastics i kēlā me kēia makahiki e hoʻohana ʻia i nā textiles, ka hapa nui o nā lole a me nā kāloka.ʻOi aku ma mua o 90% o nā fiber synthetic, ka nui o ka polyethylene terephthalate, i hana ʻia ma Asia.ʻO ka ulu ʻana o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka fiber synthetic i nā lole i hiki mai ma ka lilo o nā fila kūlohelohe e like me ka pulupulu a me ka hulu hipa, e koi ana i ka nui o ka ʻāina mahiʻai e hana ʻia.Ua ʻike ka ʻoihana fiber synthetic i ka ulu nui ʻana no ka lole a me ke kapena, mahalo i ka hoihoi i nā waiwai kūikawā e like me ka stretch, moisture-wicking, a me ka hanu.
E like me ke ʻano o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana, ʻaʻole hana hou ʻia nā textile.Hoʻopuka ka awelika kamaʻāina ʻAmelika ma luna o 90 paona o ka ʻōpala textile i kēlā me kēia makahiki.Wahi a Greenpeace, kūʻai ka mea maʻamau i 2016 i 60% o nā mea lole i kēlā me kēia makahiki ma mua o ka mea maʻamau i hana ai 15 mau makahiki ma mua, a mālama i nā lole no kahi manawa pōkole.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Jul-03-2023